Résumé
Sur la Durance, 8 barrages ont été construits entre Serre-Ponçon et la confluence avec le Rhône, pour l’alimentation en eau de 16 usines hydroélectriques (pour une puissance de 2000 MW) ainsi que des prises agricoles et d’eau potable via un canal latéral (canal EDF). Dans ce secteur, les peuplements piscicoles sont soumis à une importante variabilité naturelle des conditions hydroclimatiques du fait du climat méditerranéen, qui s’ajoute aux altérations des régimes hydrologique et sédimentaire liées à la présence et au fonctionnement des ouvrages. En particulier, dans le tronçon en débit réservé situé à l’aval du barrage de Mallemort en Basse Durance (tronçon d’environ 40 km) peuvent se produire des restitutions d’eau importantes en provenance du canal usinier d’EDF. Ces restitutions s’apparentent à des éclusées, entrainant des variations de débit non prévisibles pouvant être importantes, en lien notamment avec les demandes en électricité. Ici, nous analysons des données piscicoles collectées annuellement depuis 2003 sur deux stations en tronçon court-circuité à l’aval et à l’amont du barrage de Mallemort (une soumise aux restitutions et l’autre non) afin de déterminer les effets des principaux facteurs environnementaux (débit, température, matières en suspension). Nous cherchons notamment à appréhender le rôle respectif des crues naturelles par rapport à l’influence de l’exploitation des ouvrages sur les dynamiques interannuelles des peuplements. Un accent particulier est mis sur la caractérisation fine des restitutions et l’évaluation de leurs effets potentiels.
On the Durance, 8 dams have been built between Serre-Ponçon and the confluence with the Rhône, to supply water to 16 hydroelectric plants (with a capacity of 2,000 MW) as well as agricultural and drinking water intakes via a lateral canal (EDF canal). In this sector, fish populations are subject to significant natural variability in hydroclimatic conditions due to the Mediterranean climate, in addition to changes in the hydrological and sedimentary regimes linked to the presence and operation of the dams. In particular, the minimum flow reach located downstream of the Mallemort dam in the Lower Durance (a section of ca. 40 km long), can receive significant flow releases from the EDF canal. Releases are similar to hydropeaking, resulting in large and unpredictable flow variations, mainly depending on electricity demand. Here, we analyse fish data collected annually since 2003 at two stations in minimum flow sections downstream and upstream of the Mallemort dam (one subject to releases and the other not) to determine the effects of the main environmental factors (flow, temperature, suspended matter). We are especially seeking to disentangle the respective roles of natural flooding vs the influence of dam operations on the interannual dynamics of fish populations. Emphasis is placed on the detailed characterisation of hydropeaking and on the assessment of their potential effects.
On the Durance, 8 dams have been built between Serre-Ponçon and the confluence with the Rhône, to supply water to 16 hydroelectric plants (with a capacity of 2,000 MW) as well as agricultural and drinking water intakes via a lateral canal (EDF canal). In this sector, fish populations are subject to significant natural variability in hydroclimatic conditions due to the Mediterranean climate, in addition to changes in the hydrological and sedimentary regimes linked to the presence and operation of the dams. In particular, the minimum flow reach located downstream of the Mallemort dam in the Lower Durance (a section of ca. 40 km long), can receive significant flow releases from the EDF canal. Releases are similar to hydropeaking, resulting in large and unpredictable flow variations, mainly depending on electricity demand. Here, we analyse fish data collected annually since 2003 at two stations in minimum flow sections downstream and upstream of the Mallemort dam (one subject to releases and the other not) to determine the effects of the main environmental factors (flow, temperature, suspended matter). We are especially seeking to disentangle the respective roles of natural flooding vs the influence of dam operations on the interannual dynamics of fish populations. Emphasis is placed on the detailed characterisation of hydropeaking and on the assessment of their potential effects.