Résumé
Dans cette thèse, j’aborde la déconstruction comme un raisonnement spécifique qui interroge des éléments de représentations, discours et pratiques tenus pour évidents. Alors que la littérature scientifique soulève l’intérêt de ce procédé comme méthode dans les approches constructivistes en sciences sociales et en études genre, ainsi que dans les pratiques
militantes, la déconstruction ne fait que rarement l’objet d’analyses. Partant du postulat que déconstruire fait appel à des raisonnements, eux-mêmes portés par des argumentations, ce travail s’intéresse aux activités de pensée déployées dans des discours qui mettent en
question des éléments tenus pour évidents. Aspirant à nourrir le champ des sciences sociales et en particulier celui des études genre, j’ai choisi de m’intéresser à la déconstruction dans un contexte d’engagement militant féministe. J’ai ainsi constitué un corpus de 160 articles issus de la revue féministe suisse romande l’émiliE, tous publiés entre 2001 et 2009. Mon cadre théorique est celui de la logique naturelle, un champ d’études développé par le Centre de Recherches Sémiologiques de l’Université de Neuchâtel, qui s’intéresse au raisonnement déployé dans des contextes de communication en langue naturelle, et dont les recherches ont permis de dégager des procédés logico-discursifs tels que la réfutation, la contre argumentation ou encore la mise en discours de contradiction. À l’aide de ce cadre théorique, je montre que la déconstruction s’apparente à une arborescence de réfutations d’éléments introduits dans le discours comme notions et préconstruits socialement partagés. Après avoir
dégagé une structure générale des procédés de déconstruction, j’élabore une typologie en quatre types, qui sont la dénaturalisation, la débanalisation, la relégitimation et la désacralisation, et qui s’articulent les uns aux autres pour proposer des représentations,
discours et pratiques alternatives. À partir de mes analyses, et du cadre épistémologique féministe qui sous-tend ce travail, je revisite le système des opérations logico-discursives en proposant quelques discussions et aménagements qui alimentent le constructivisme de la logique naturelle et je donne quelques pistes en vue de la transférabilité de mes résultats de recherche.
In this thesis, I approach deconstruction as a specific reasoning that questions elements of representations, discourses and practices that are taken for granted. While the scientific literature highlights the interest of this process as a method in constructivist approaches in social sciences and gender studies, as well as in activist practices, deconstruction is rarely analysed. Starting from the premise that deconstructing calls for reasoning, which is itself supported by argumentation, this work focuses on the activities of thought deployed in discourses that question elements taken for granted. Aspiring to contribute to the field of social sciences and gender studies, I chose to focus on deconstruction in a context of feminist activism. I have thus constituted a corpus of 160 articles from the feminist journal l’émiliE, all published between 2001 and 2009. My theoretical framework is natural logic, a field of study developed by the Semiology Research Center of the University of Neuchâtel, which is interested in reasoning in natural language communication contexts and which research has made possible to identify logical-discursive processes such as refutation, counter argumentation, or the discursive construction of contradictions. Using this theoretical framework, I show that deconstruction can be likened to a tree structure of refutations of elements introduced in discourse as socially shared notions and preconstructs. After identifying the general structure of deconstruction processes, I develop a four-types typology: denaturalisation, debanalisation, delegitimisation and desacralisation, which articulate each other to propose alternative representations, discourses and practices. Based on my analyses, and the feminist epistemological framework that underpins this work, I revisit the system of logical-discursive operations, proposing some discussions and adjustments that feed into the constructivism of natural logic, and give some pointers towards the transferability of my research findings.
In this thesis, I approach deconstruction as a specific reasoning that questions elements of representations, discourses and practices that are taken for granted. While the scientific literature highlights the interest of this process as a method in constructivist approaches in social sciences and gender studies, as well as in activist practices, deconstruction is rarely analysed. Starting from the premise that deconstructing calls for reasoning, which is itself supported by argumentation, this work focuses on the activities of thought deployed in discourses that question elements taken for granted. Aspiring to contribute to the field of social sciences and gender studies, I chose to focus on deconstruction in a context of feminist activism. I have thus constituted a corpus of 160 articles from the feminist journal l’émiliE, all published between 2001 and 2009. My theoretical framework is natural logic, a field of study developed by the Semiology Research Center of the University of Neuchâtel, which is interested in reasoning in natural language communication contexts and which research has made possible to identify logical-discursive processes such as refutation, counter argumentation, or the discursive construction of contradictions. Using this theoretical framework, I show that deconstruction can be likened to a tree structure of refutations of elements introduced in discourse as socially shared notions and preconstructs. After identifying the general structure of deconstruction processes, I develop a four-types typology: denaturalisation, debanalisation, delegitimisation and desacralisation, which articulate each other to propose alternative representations, discourses and practices. Based on my analyses, and the feminist epistemological framework that underpins this work, I revisit the system of logical-discursive operations, proposing some discussions and adjustments that feed into the constructivism of natural logic, and give some pointers towards the transferability of my research findings.